Apical periodontitis occurs after irreversible pulpitis. After pulp necrosis, bacteria invade the pulp space. There are no white blood cells from a vital pulp for protection and no hydrostatic pressure from the dentinal fluid which is thought to prevent bacteria travelling down dentinal tubules into the pulp. The bacteria and toxins can only be contained …
This is a photo of a patient’s mouth, one week after periodontal treatment had been carried out on the right-hand side. This patient had come in as a new patient the previous week and the dental history revealed she had had previous bad experience at the dentist so had not re- attended for almost three …
Almost every cause of bleeding gums is caused by gum disease. Although as a dentist it is uncommon other than trauma, to see bleeding gums without gum disease, other local or systemic factors have to be always at the back of your mind. About 3 years ago, we saw a patient who was having bleeding …